Relationship Between Microfinance And Nigerias Economic Growth Economics Essay

race Between Micro pay And Nigerias Economic Growth Economics EssayABSTRACTMicrofinance has oer the years been associated with eradicating poverty, and then improving the standard of reinforcement of the less privilege sh ares of a society, and rubbing on autocraticly on the nations scrimping. This dissertation aims at exploring the impact microfinance has on scotchalal growth, considering a specific case of the national Republic of Nigeria. Due to the fact that this area of learn has not witnessed so much research in the past, this work seeks to come up with an set taboo where the different links amid microfinance and economic growth can be discovered and studied. Since most societies, especially the developing ones usually experience the battlefront of two types of pecuniary arrangement, the take a leakal and the informal one under which microfinance falls, this get out alike be taken into consideration. The first conjecture to be considered has to do with the micro level and this examines the kin between microfinance and the monetary system. The Second hypothesis has to do with the macro level and examines the relationship between the financial system and economic growth, while the third one links the previous two, by checking the relationship between microfinance and economic development.Keywords Microfinance Economic Growth Financial governing body NigeriaINTRODUCTIONMicrofinance Institutions are financial organisations licensed to provide micro-savings, micro-credit, and micro-insurance in an economy. They lock up in the informal sector of the financial system and are the major source of fund-provider for the medium, small and micro-enterprises.The basics of microfinance is the fact that the poor cannot access a loan from a bank of any reasonable commercial source, that is wherefore Microfinance Institutions go out to the villages, meet with the poor who are encouraged to form an association, they give them micro-credits and so me clocks even give them trainings to help them pose the topper use of the loan accessed (Mohammed and Hasan, 2008).The methodology utilize by most micro-finance institutions to make loan is that they gather people into trust groups and meet weekly. These groups assume enunciate liability and joint guarantee on loans extended to any member of the trust unit and this invariably helps in reducing incidence of defaults and dreary loans. Most Micro-Finance Institutions enjoy a graduate(prenominal) repayment sum up.It should also be notable that majority of microfinance customers are women who also make up a p individuallyyer percentage of the worlds poor, and also experience a very high rate of unemployment and sadly in most cases are responsible for providing for and pickings care of their families.Nigeria with a GDP-real growth rate of 5 %( 2009 est.), rebrinys a major player in the African economy but her universe of about 149, 299,090(sourced from CIA-The world fact book), w hich is the largest in Africa, has about half of it living in poverty. However, since the introduction of microfinance in the arena, an increase has been noticed both in the growth of the economy and also in the increase in add together of microfinance institutions.The Central depose of Nigeria is saddled with the responsibility of issuing banking license and watchfulness of banks in the country, Micro-finance Institutions inclusive.LITERATURE REVIEWMicrofinance, through its provision of financial service to the poor can do work economic growth by back up savings, giving out loans for feasible enthronizations, provision of free advisory serve to new clients on how best to invest, and also to those with long standing relationship, on how to increase the marginal productivity of capital (Pagano, 1993).A lot of studies take over been carried out on the relationship between financial development and economic growth. King and Levine(1993) are in support of the view that financia l development leads to economic growth and in their visit on Joseph Schumpeters work pointed out that banking institution through their provision of funds for productive investments are of great importance to economic growth(Schumpeter, 1911 cited in King and Levine, 1993). Greenwood and Jovanovic(1990) suggested that the relationship between financial development and economic growth is mutual, while Khan,(1999) who is of a similar trust explains further that economic growth create financial development which in turns helps in sustaining the growth.Qayyum et al.,(2007?) are of the opinion that rank finance has a of import positive relationship with economic growth. The availability of funds to the poor increases return and output, this also leads to an increases in the demand for more financial services (micro-savings and micro-insurance), which positively affects financial development and sets the economy on the path of growth(Khan, 2008).It can thence be said that availability of funds generates enterprise, enterprise generates finance flow, finance flow generates financial development, while financial development generates economic growth. De Gregorio and Guidotti(1995) also argued that financial development leads to improved economic growth, especially when funds are effectively invested.However, Kemal, et al.,(2004) do not regard finance(micro-finance inclusive) as an important clincher of economic growth and Lucas(1988) even referred to it as overstressed, while Levine(1997) sees financial institutions as more harmful to a nations economic growth. This led to a rally for redefinition and the use of appropriate measure of estimation of the relationship between financial development and economic growth and development of financial intermediaries by Bencivenga and Smith(1991).The main objective of Microfinance is to raise income, by encouraging private sector operation through the provision of micro-credit to micro and small scale entrepreneurs ((Agh ion and Morduch, 2000)). In a cultivation conducted by Chua et al.,(2000), they noticed that the impact of microfinance services on income and inlet is low-level on the initial endowment of the household and the length of time they pitch been clients of the institution. It is also affected by how efficient they are in the management of the sourced resource and also the profitability of the sector they invest in. accessibility of Social amenities and a cheaper source of factors of production also influence income.According to Akanji (2002), the poor make force outive use of the credit facilities and not only are they pass oning to pay the high interest rate on loan, they also in no time make generous returns to run a savings account with the MFI. It should also be noted that the conversion of the poor who were formerly economic liabilities into profit reservation micro-entrepreneurs generate a positive impact on the financial system and consequently begins the process of ec onomic growth by bring its full strong-arm and human resources into productive use (Kamath, 2008).METHODOLOGYNot many literary works are available as regard the relationship between microfinance and economic growth, at that placefore the study pull up stakes rely much on supposed simulation in tack together to understand the link between microfinance and economic growth. Both Primary and Secondary sources of data result be used and Questionnaires will be direct out to film a direct feedback from the beneficiary of the scheme while previous studies and findings as regards the Nigerian economy will also be put into use in order to mark a theory-based association between Microfinance and Economic Growth.It should be noted that the two main variables in this dissertation is Microfinance and Economic growth. The pick of Nigeria as a case study was borne out of the fact that the country has recently had its microfinance regulations tuned to enable it play its role in serving i ts targeted trade effectively. An increase in the growth of microfinance institutions in the country has also do them better established and competitive, giving the erstwhile neglected micro-entrepreneurs a choice.The relationship between financial system and economic growth will be first examined and in the second part, microfinance, alongside its associated theories will be explored to determine their impact on Economic Growth. The third part will be about examining the impact of theoretical macro-level effect on the case study, which is Nigeria. Its effect on the case study will help in reshaping the theoretical framework which will be the basis for finishing.To determine the impact of Microfinance on economic growth, micro credit expense from 2000 to 2009 will be canvass using both non-parametric and parametric test methods.The parametric test involves regressing the dependent variable (GDP from 2000-2009) against the instructive variable (micro-credit disbursements) to asc ertain if its significant and provide explanatory power for economic growth. While the Chi-square method of non-parametric test will be used to examine the questionnaire to determine if there is any association between Microfinance and economic growth.RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVESThis Objective of this dissertation to answer the following questionsIs there a relationship between microfinance and Nigerias economic growth between 2000-2009?Does investment of micro-credit into commerce contribute more to economic growth than other sectors?Does microfinance have an effect on the financial system?Does an increase in the morsel of Microfinance Institutions result to an increase in economic growth?POTENTIAL enigmaThe potential problems envisaged in this research work is the availability of data from microfinance institutions in Nigeria as a large number of them do not have access to the internet and so do not post their education online. This brings about another problem, which is t he distance between my place of study and the stance of the case study. The relative scarcity of research on this area of study also creates a problem of limited materials. However, I have devised solutions for each of the problem. Most of my materials will be sourced from the Microfinance Unit of the Other-Financial -Institutions department of the Central edge of Nigeria, as they have unhindered access to takes of every Microfinance Institution run in Nigeria. Most of my materials will be sent online while I will make use of a cheap and reliable messenger service for my questionnaires. Also, the available materials online will be coupled with those sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Library and Data collected on the MFIs.RESOURCES REQUIREDThe main resources ask are data on Nigerias GDP, list of MFIs presently operating, records of loan disbursement by MFIs, records of total amount set aside for Small and middling Scale Enterprise by the nations commercial banks. All of these will be sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria, while Past Studies and other literature will be freely assessed through the school library. The Questionnaires will be sent through mail and returned through courier. Estimated monetary value at conclusion is 250, which includes cost of printing and binding, as well as courier cost.WORKPLANITEMPARTICULARSNOTES duration FRAME1.Dissertation Proposal unveilingMay 5, 20102.Literature reassessmentSourcing of materials and review article of literatureJuly 4- 16, 20103.Submission of preliminary literature review to my supervisory program, and making suggested correctionsJune 17- 20, 20104.MethodologyReading on Methodology and structuring of theoretical frameworkJune 20- 24, 20105.Submission of proposed methodology to supervisor, and making suggested amendments.July 25-June 28, 20106.QuestionnaireDevise QuestionnaireJune 29-30, 20107.Submission of questionnaire to supervisor, and making suggested amendmentsJuly 1-5 20108.Questionnair e statistical distributionJuly 6, 20109.Collection of all other needed data and further review of past literatureJuly 7-20 201010Collection of questionnaires and analysis of findingsJuly 21- 25, 201011.Data abstractJuly 26- 30, 201012.Interpretation of Findings.August 1-5, 201013.Formulation of ConclusionAugust 6-10,201014.Abstract, and appendix and compose materials arrangementAugust 11- 1515.Updating and ReviewReview with supervisorAugust 16-20, 201016.Self review and amendmentAugust 21-25, 201017.Final review with supervisor and proof-readingAugust 26-28,201018.Printing and BindingPrinting and BindingAugust 29, 201019.SubmissionSubmission at the PG officeSeptember 2, 2010.EXPECTED OUTPUTThe output, which is the conclusion of this dissertation, is expected to help the Government in its activities aimed at the nations economic development. It will also guide them in effective channeling of resources aimed at poverty alleviation. MFI administrators will also benefit from this wor k as it will help them in making decisions on how to enlarge their area of coverage and to also record higher returns through provision of other services. Donor Agencies and International institutions will also discover opportunities for helping in the economic growth and empowering the poor.Lastly, this study is expected to pilot other studies in this area and form a basis on which other people discover more efficient and effective ways of making microfinance have a lasting positive impact on economic growth.

Awareness And Understanding Work Life Balance

Aw areness And Understanding acidify Life BalanceChapter 1IntroductionPublic awareness and sagacity of the term lap- animateness equilibrate has grown dramatically in recent years. The high level of interest among employers, consultants, and the media has generated a healthy business in conferences, websites and guides. It is a growth area in academia too, encompassing diverse disciplines including economics, amicable policy, feminism, sociology, industrial relations, human resource instruction, health and psychology.The term Work life correspondence can be defined as employment found on emergent new values, which doesnt discriminate against those with caring or diverse non- grow responsibilities, and which provides an opportunity for people to realize their full potential in work and non work domains (Lewis, 1996).1.1 Background of the subscribeTodays life environment has put a great demand on employees time to deliver work and non-work responsibilities. This is a centra l cause of occupational stress and work-life conflict, which has become a pricy problem at both the organizational and unmarried levels. It mightiness ask the form of absenteeism, high staff turnover, lost productive value, increased enlisting and selection costs and medical expenses (Arnold, 2005). According to a recent bring by Georgetown University, employee stress from trying to find time for their children correlates with decreased productivity and increased absenteeism. The theatre found that unplanned absences were costing some businesses to the highest degree $1 million a year (Georgetown University, 2010). In addition to the pecuniary losses associated with this conflict that are clearly documented, the indirect effects of closed(a) on the job(p) conditions can include a decrease in motivation, trade satisfaction, trust, traffic commitment, and opposite important factors that decrease firm profitability (McHugh, 1997). Therefore, scorn the fact that many comp anies neglecting employee contracts, conscious HR specialists are trying in many attempts to overcome these problems by introducing new working strategies that satisfy employees and dish them to attain certain offset among work and life. Such strategies transmit the employee greater flexibility upon the time, the place and the style of work. These include part-time work, job sharing, working from home and conciliative working time. This flexibility enhances employees ability to countersink the time or submit the work as completed. It can destine compressing 40 hours into four days, starting and ending workdays at different times, or doing some work at home. The reason whitethorn be as simple as wanting to better manage a long commute or choosing to arrive at work by and by so parents can take their children to school. Some companies may offer these survivals to conduct female employees who might consider leaving their jobs after having children.This inquiry shows parti cularly on flexible working hours (Flexitime) which is one form of flexibility in the working environment. Flexitime is an arrangement where an employee is able to choose when to start and finish work within a specified period of core hours. The reason for this emphasize on flextime is that, it is the nearly widespread form of workplace flexibility (Erin, 2008) and most previous studies has shown apparent results upon other working strategies and their good influence on work-life balance, but this was non the case with flextime. Another reason for this spur is investigator observations on many cases of flextime where employee missed the control over work-life balance, and that what inspires the idea of this investigate. 1.2 task statementOrganizations which adopted family-friendly working arrangements, found it beneficial to their business. In a take in about the efficiency of the family-friendly working arrangements, it was found that 90 per centum of managers experiencing t hose arrangements considered they were cost effective for organizations (Dex and Smith, 2002). However, the literature on flexible working arrangements practical application a wide range of policies, declared that only some of which might be deemed to support a work-life balance. Moreover, while there is a sermon about the business case for flexible polices and the potential problems it may bring forth for employers, the assumption is often that these policies are invariably beneficial for employees. This is also reflected in the recommendations of the National Framework Committee for Work-life balance policies in Ireland (Helen et al, 2009).Some flexible working arrangements may actually exacerbate work-life conflict, for example, flexibility in the clock of work may result in employees being asked to work unsociable hours. Thus, it is very important to consider the effects of such practices as experient by employees. Indeed there is very little research on the impact of flexi ble working hour on workers ability to balance work and other demands, despite this being a major rationale for such practices (Helen et al, 2009).As many Bahraini organizations nowadays are pathetic toward flexibility, it would be a significant effort to conduct a get that assesses the determination of such practice. Especially that International evidence on the incidence of flexible working arrangements is limited and tends to come from national surveys which, because they are not harmonized, may not be directly comparable. Another factor that boosts the need to this study is the difference in the demography, culture and peoples life style between Western countries and Bahrain.While the incidence of flexible working hours (flextime) is important teaching in itself, the key questions for this research is Does it facilitate work-life reconciliation and does it help to amend employees productivity? Other sub-questions might also arise such as Is there a difference between males a nd females, or those who have children among those who do not regarding work-life balance? Does employee prefer to manage his/her time or kindred to be committed to a specified timing because he/she may not be able to manage time?On this basis, this research brings together material from diverse sources to provide an overview of recent research, current cerebration and future debates on the entailment of flextime and work-life balance, especially to evaluate constructive practices for employee in Bahrain.1.3 objectives of the studyThe objective of this study is to put emphasis on the enormousness of work-life balance for Bahraini employees, and to evaluate its effect on both individual and organizational levels. In addition, this study attempts to assess the impact of adopting flextime working option on employees work-life balance and organizations productivity.A careful review of research questions conduct to the development of the following specific research objectivesTo expl ore the existence of a race between flextime and work-life balance.To examine the relationship between flextime and productivity.To explore the relationship between work-life balance and productivity.To examine the impact of some demographic variables such as gender, marital status and having children on the work-life balance.1.4 Significance of the studyThis significance of this study is its potential contribution to both the theoretical and practical fields. At the theoretical level, the present study is judge to bridge a research gap as most studies focus on either work-life balance or flexible working polices in general. However there is a very little research on the impact of flexible working on work-life balance (Helen et al, 2009). Moreover, it was recommended by some researchers to examine the relationship between specific types of flexible working practices like the flextime and productivity.For the practical contribution, this study is expected to clear contribution to Bahraini private and public organizations as it reveals employees preferences on the subject of flexible working time, in addition to exploring the benefits that flextime provides for employers and employees, thus aiding solicitude decision upon adopting such working option.Another feature which grants strength to this study is that the study spots the light on both, the importance of work-life balance and its implications on the organizational and individual levels in the first place, besides exploring the existence of a relationship between flextime and the work-life balance as recommended in previous literatures.1.5 limitations of the studyThe greatest limitation to this study is the non-probability sampling technique used and then the results cannot be generalized on the whole population. Another limitation is that the study was entirely based on self-reported data. Although this is the best way to assess the work-life balance of an employee as it requires some privacy, this m ethod has been criticized that the respondents may give socially wanted answers and bias results (Sackett, Burris, and Callahan 1989). However, anonymity and confidentiality assurance might be the key to make respondents more truthful. Finally, the questionnaire was developed for employees, thus it reflects employees point of views, while it passes over the management respective. Hence it would be a great achievement to combine other research methods such as case studies and focus groups to strength this study.1.6 organization of studyThis report is organized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the introduction, significance and limitations of the study. Chapter ii provides an extensive literature review and background information on the variables of the study, which are flextime, work-life balance and productivity. The third chapter identifies the research methodology, the sampling technique and the data collecting procedure. Chapter four presents the results of data analysis. And the last chapter provides the discussion, a conclusion and recommendations for further studies.

Health Promotion Intervention Plan On Cardiovascular Disease

Health Promotion Intervention Plan On cardiovascular Disease supplying is defined as a step by step movement from the beginning till the end of a syllabus (Naidoo and Wills, 2009).It was also clearly stated by T aces and Green (2005) as an analysis of different furcates of a create by mental act and how they atomic number 18 interwoven together.Planning a health promotion programme requires logical approaches that run by different stages before an effective disclosecome can be naturalised (Naidoo and forgets,2009).This involves the use of different kind-hearted of homework model. In this circumstance the Ewles and Simnett (2003) planning schema will be made use of to plan this intervention. This is a schedule that encompasses seven key planning runs. They include identifying health guide assessment, setting goals and objective, choosing good strategies for the set objectives, sourcing for fund and man power, mapping out evaluation plan ,so as to enhance good performance ,setting an action plan, and lastly implementing the plan (Bartholomew et al.,2006).A top-down approach in executing programme plan will be used in this argonna (Laverack,2005).This top-down programmes approach argon usu entirelyy apprehensive with biographystyle and behavioural fulfillment to specific stipulated norms (Boutilier,1993).This is the reason why the approach will best suite this plan.Background experienceCardiovascular disease is an ailment of the heart and the circulatory system. It consists of the coronary thrombosis thrombosis heart disease heart attack and angina as well as stroke. The organ that is affected by this disease is part of the toughest muscle in the body, so as to keep blood pumping constant. in that location are specific arteries for different organs in the body, but the one that supply the heart is called the coronary artery. When this blood watercraft is affected it chasten to the ailment called the coronary heart disease. This ailment occur when the blood vessel supplying the heart become narrowed by accumulation of bufflehead substances called atheroma within their walls. A condition called atherosclerosis. This could cause reduction of blood actual to the heart due to the tightening of the vessel, which could return to having an heart attack or myocardial infarction. This. The nature of the health needs assessmentCardiovascular diseases are a worldwide leading cause of end, which causes approximately 17.1 million closings per form (WHO, 2010).These diseases of the heart are the major cause of death in the coupled Kingdom which includes the Northern Ireland (Chief Medical Officer, 1999 DHSSPS, 2004, p. 97). In spite of the reduction in the drift in death rate of diseases of the heart and the circulatory system, coronary heart disease still remains the common cause of death in the United Kingdom (British marrow squash Foundation, 2007). The fatality rate rate incurred by this ailment every year is slightly 208 ,000 deaths (British Heart Foundation ,2007).This reflected roughly one in 3 people death per year, which is almost 36% of the populace (British Heart Foundation, 2007).The major form of Cardiovascular Disease are coronary heart disease (CHD) ,which account for around 48% of mortality rate and around 28% death rate from stroke.This ailment which could lead to angina, heart attack and heart stoppage is one of the main causes of death in Northern Ireland. It was reported that this ailment causes 1 in 3 deaths in men and 1 in 4 deaths in women and is responsible for approximately 20% of the entire loss in productive days in this part of UK (Chief Medical Officer, 1999). Unal et al. (2004) claimed that a reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) in the U.K between the 1980s and 1990s was around 58% which account for more than half of the populace. .This reduction was brought by drastic change in the primary threat, which is smoking and the remaining 42% was achieved from the inessen tial legal profession and treatment provided (Unal et al., 2004). McWhirter (2002) claimed that the electoral wards with the top mortality rates in Northern Ireland are also those with the uppermost levels of deficiency. National Heart assembly (2002) pointed out that various citizens have a heritable nature towards coronary heart disease, but for huge mass of people the danger of coronary heart disease is basically determined during ones biography by the food being consumed, physical immobility and smoking. National Heart Forum (2002)stated that heart attacks and ill health from coronary heart transmission system may seem inaccessible to childrens lives, but the major insecurity factor for developing coronary heart disease like (rise in blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, high blood glucose level and smoking) all build up throughout the conductspan, most occurring during childhood and teenage years. discordant researches have confirmed that the early signs of coronary hea rt infection are already obvious in some children and teenagers (DHSSPS, 2004). The growing levels of obesity amongst children and upstart people mean that they are likely to be at good threat of developing coronary heart disease in ulterior life (National Heart Forum, 2002).Cardiovascular disease need to be intercommunicate all over the field from primary prevention in non at risk population that is by considering diet, physical fitness, overweight prevention and smoking in children and young people , which could predispose them to other life threatening diseases that are non-communicable. Therefore cardiovascular disease especially coronary heart disease is a health problem that require drastic intervention.AimsThe overall aim of this plan is to educate and increase the level of cognisance among university undergraduate bookmans about the risk of having coronary heart disease by using the behavioural and life style approach (Laverack, 2005).Objective Labonte (1998) claimed t hat most all conventional health promotion goals are based on disease prevention, decreasing death rate, morbidity, and behavioural changes. Therefore, the objective of this proposed intervention will focus on school based prevention approach (Laverack , 2005) by creating cognizance which will result in healthy way of life from the grassroots by catching them young. The objective is tailored towards a refreshful ideology, that is must be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, and Realistic as well as clip conscious. The educational objective are as followsTo encourage students to dissipate knowledge among their peers of the consequences of getting a coronary heart disease.To increase student awareness of the kind of food that could predispose them to getting the disease.To enlighten students about the kind of lifestyle they need to inculcate to avoid the danger of having the disease.To establish whether student have a prior knowledge about the disease and it consequences.To swear pa rticipant about the healthy food that they need to adopt to trim down the risk of being affected by the ailment.

Effects of Vegetation on Freshwater Shrimp

Effects of Vegetation on fresh peeing ShrimpThe aim of this tryation was to discover whether the nominal head of bot each stirred the teemingness of the species of fresh irrigate fish Gammarus genus Pulex. To do this an try was carried out involving takes taken from a variety of vegetated and non-vegetated atomic deed 18as. The abundance of the species in each environment was heedful and comp bed and found to be statistically signifi screwingt. Freshwater peewit do pick out vegetated vault of heavens over non-vegetated ambits due to either increase availability of junk, increased atomic human action 8 content or entreeal egis from predators.IntroductionGammarus genus Pulex (freshwater half-pint) are Crustaceans that are members of the Amphipoda order. Their bodies are curved into a C ascertain and they average approximately 20mm in length. As seen in embodiment 1, Gammarus genus Pulex possess 7 pairs of legs, twain of which perform a grasping mathematical function similar to humans reach whilst the other 5 are neutered to swim. The species gills are de live(a)rd with group O by the vibrations of their legs and the 3 pairs of structures seen on the abdomen, the gills are find on the inside of the buttocks five legs. Gammarus genus Pulex affirm a racy school atomic number 8 requirements and as a result are typically found in faster f measlying, oxygen rich water. They are hachureed from eggs and emerge fully developed and ready to re fetch. This results in a fast rate of reproduction. The results sex is determined by the temperature of the water. These runts mate whilst the manful carries the female on its fanny, this will occur some(prenominal) times per year. Gammarus genus Pulex Have no natural defence mechanism other than their camo and as a result they are primarily active during low sun demoralize periods and beneath shelter. As a result of Gammarus pulexs deprivation of a defence mechanism they are typically found under and at heart the aquatic fauna and rocks at heart rivers.Gammarus pulex are primary take onrs that typically consume detritus, i.e. they consume dead and break uping matter in order to provide power for themselves. Gammarus pulex important predators are fish which that rely on them as star of their primary reference books of viands, fish commonly found to consume these pewee include Trout, Bullheads and Salmon.RationaleGammarus pulex hobo be employ as an forefinger species due to their affinity for naughtyly oxygenated water. They (Gammarus Pulex) are bigoted of polluted waters or reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations, and hatful therefore be utilized as an indicant species for water quality. A decrease in the oxygen content of an ecosystem can fox upright adverse centers on the other species deep down the ecosystem and is one of the almost common causes of Fish Kills as a result it is a uncertain regularly monitored by fishing agencies Due to increasing awareness of the electric shock humans are having on their environment and the ecosystems that we interact with, biological indicator species will become increasingly important in the identification of capable habitats for species to be introduced to.In addition to Gammarus pulex acting as an indicator species, they similarly require highly oxygenated water to survive and reproduce. A lack of oxygen deep down the water could potentially lead to an oxidative conditions within the water. Due the fact that they require oxygen for ventilation system (Aerobic) this would reduce the race of the shrimp within an subject. This would own a knock on regulate on the alternative and tertiary consumers within the food chain that in like manner rely on Gammarus pulex as their primary food reference work such as trout and salmon. As a result, the abundance of the species is of key bionomical importance within these ecosystems and steps should be taken to stop up high ox ygen content of the water and adequate foliage and bot twain for the species to elaborate within its niche. These goals can be achieved relatively easily through the lay of bot some(prenominal) for cover. This would also provide raised oxygen levels due to the respiration of the plant life to produce oxygen as a by-product.In a canvas by H.H Costa on investigating the allude of low concentrations of oxygen on the public figure of reactions per minute in Gammarus pulex, truehearted correlations were made mingled with the concentration of oxygen within the water and the result of reactions taking place per minute. Low levels of oxygen would lead to decreased metabolous activity, resulting in slower growth and reproduction. As a primary consumer this would have a detrimental issuing on the rest of the ecosystem as a lower population of the species would result in food macrocosm a limiting factor for fish that relied on the species as a source of food. This could also lead t o the gradual decline of other primary and twinklingary consumers as they are used as a source of energy by the tertiary consumers to sustain themselves.AimsThe aim of the experiment was to determine whether the presence of flora within the water at Nettlecombe church pool would have a pregnant relate on the abundance of Gammarus pulex measurable within an sphere and whether any changes in abundance could be attri considerlyed to the separate changeable (presence of vegetation) by controlling or measuring the other abiotic factors within the ecosystem.Null schemeStatistically, there will be no probative correlation in the midst of the abundance of freshwater shrimp and the presence of vegetation within the menses.Alternate hypothesisStatistically, there will be of import correlation amidst the abundance of freshwater shrimp and the presence of vegetation within the stream.PredictionGammarus pulex will likely show a significantly higher presence in the vegetated areas of the stream due to several(prenominal) key biological factorsDefense Due to the lack of any inborn defense mechanisms, the species relies on its camo as its sole mechanism for defense. Naturally, high amounts of vegetation endow in an area provide an aid to the protection of the freshwater shrimp from its predators and allow a greater chance of the pick of the species.Oxygen content The oxygen within water is derived primarily from submerge plants present within the water. As these plants photosynthesize, Oxygen is released as a by-product and dissolves into the surrounding water. This increased oxygen content would attract freshwater shrimp to an area, as they are reliant on the surrounding water for the oxygen that is necessary for them to respire aerobically.Detritus Organic material such as decaying plant material is the primary food source of Gammarus pulex as detritivores. If vegetation is present in an area an increased amount of detritus will also be present due to t he death and decay of the submerged plants. This provides an ideal food source for the Gammurus pulex and increases the chances of survival and reproduction. As a result you would expect to see an increase in the abundance of the species in areas with vegetation.Independent variableThe free-living variable within the experiment was the presence of a significant (+10cm) amount of vegetation submerged within the water and the lack of +10cm of vegetation present. This was varied by locating deuce areas, one with +10cm of submerged vegetation and another without.Dependent variableThe dependent variable within the experiment was the relative abundance of the species within the two separate areas per pattern. This was careful through obtaining a try and seeing the phone military issue of Gammarus pulex present per examine.Control variablesSeveral abiotic variables were controlled within the experiment to take in that any changes in the abundance of the freshwater shrimps could be assigned to the changing in the independent variable. In the cases in which an extraneous variable could not be controlled without compromising the integrity of the experiment, the variable was celebrated and any paradoxical readings degradeed could possibly be assigned to that abiotic factor.PH The acidity (concentration of heat content ions) within the water was mea for certaind by obtaining a sample in the two areas and measuring the sample through the addition of frequent indicator. The PH of the water was measured as Gammarus pulex have an aversion to water with more than extreme Phs. In Responses of Gammarus pulex to modified environment II. Reactions to abnormal Hydrogen ion concentrations H.H Costa states that at the PH entertains of 9.6. These negative reactions can be explained through the inability of the shrimps enzymes to function at these extreme PHs.Temperature Temperature was measured in degrees centigrade through the use of a digital thermo bill that was situated in each sample, allowed to stabilize and a reading was taken. Temperature was controlled due to the reaction of Gammarus pulexs offspring to temperature, at lower temperatures, offspring within eggs will hatch as male, whilst above this they will hatch as female. This would lead to one sex becoming dominant at extremely hot or cold temperatures, which would result in a reduced abundance as the difficulty of locating a mate increased.Light The amount of light in each sample was recorded through the use of a sixty meter as close to the water as assertable. This variable was measured in lx and was measured as it is likely the shrimp will be more abundant in darker areas due to the increased fixiveness of their mask in these areas and increased protection this offers.Depth The judgment of each side was measured through the insertion of a rule to measure the depth of each location. The swayer was set on the bleed up of the repository to stop it sphere pushed too f ar into the soft deposit and producing an inaccurate reading. Areas were chosen as close to 10cm deep as possible to rule out the depth of the water having any significant impact on the results produced.Pilot studyIntroductionBefore carrying out the main study, a cowcatcher study was used to determine the lowest cognitive process and manner of the study. This vaporize program study was used to identify the best have proficiency to use to collect a sufficient number of shrimps per sample. This technique had to be efficient enough to collect enough data for a statistical significance to be shown and collect the maximum number of shrimp within an area to ensure that the true abundance of the species was actually being measured. In addition, the method used to collect the shrimp had to be standardized, so that the identical technique could be carried out in contrary areas to ensure the reliability of the technique. This meant the same technique could be carried out again to p roduce as similar results as possible.In addition, the best local scrap to produce enough shrimp to state a significant oddment had to be located. This pilot study was used to locate the areas that would be sampled in the main experiment by locating the areas with enough vegetation to have an impact on the dependent variable. This meant looking for areas with high levels of submerged vegetation within several different rivers until enough within as angiotensin-converting enzyme River was found. This was to make the control of extraneous variables easier as the variation in the variables would be far monstrousr in separate bodies of water.Within the pilot study, I also had to assess the extraneous variables that would have to be measured in my last-place study to prevent them interfering with the data produced. During the pilot study, I identified that the amount of light in an area seemed to be having an effect on the abundance of the species within that area. This was potentia lly reducing the validity of the experiment. This was because any results produced were no greater necessarily down to just the independent (presence of vegetation) variable. As a result, I included the use of a light meter in the electronic networkt experiment to control and limit the impact on the data produced. Along with deciding the variables to be measured, I also had to fall the equipment used to measure the variable in a standardized manner.The pilot study was also used to identify any potential risks or bumps within the area. Once these were identified, appropriate controls could be taken to reduce or nullify the risks from these sources.Equipment be get outnA 15cmx10cm Scoop kaleA 1 meter long rulerA digital thermometerA strong 1025 cm tray that was not filled with pool waterA digital stopwatchFreshwater identification planing machinePipetteMethodWhilst 3 rivers were found in close proximity, only one, the church stream, contained an appropriate number of vegetat ed areas to non-vegetated areas close enough to carry out the experiment expediently. In addition the proximity of the locations reduced any extraneous variables that were acting on the study. thereof the church stream was used for the final examination experiment.2 methods of ingest with the give the axe were carried out, the figure of viii sample (A)and the Kick sample(B)A) This gnarly locating an area to sample and standing still whilst moving the net profit in a figure of eight through the water. This was timed for 10 seconds and 20 seconds .This method did not disturb the sediment of the area.B) The hit sample involved placing the net downstream of the area to be sampled and kicking up the sediment into the net without moving the net. This was timed for both 10 seconds and 20 seconds using the stopwatch. after(prenominal) collecting each sample the contents of the net was upturned and placed into the empty tray. The tray was then(prenominal) filled with water from the stream.Using the identification sheet, I timed for 1 minute on the stopwatch and counted all of the Gammarus pulex present in the tray within the time. Using a pipette to move them to a separate bucket once countedA variety of have techniques for the control variables were then carried out in the area.The ruler was used to measure depth at a variety of locations. This provided practice at accurately measuring the depth of the water without disturbing the sediment on the freighter of the stream.The digital thermometer was then placed in the water, however not placed at the neck of the stream.Risk assessmentBefore carrying out the pilot and main study, a risk assessment of the risks that could pose a little terror to me or those in the surrounding areas was carried out. Through this I identified the imagine (negative effect 1-10) and the risk factor (chance of the hazard actually occurring 1-10) to control this I also decided on sensible controls to minimize the chance of the h azard occurring or minimize the severity of the hazard. The risk rating was calculate by multiplying the chance of the hazard occurring with the severity of the hazard (1-100). make believe Severity of the Hazard Chance of occurring Risk rating ControlSlipping and falling. 2 6 12 Ensure the muddy parts of the bank are noted and avoided. Wear appropriate footwear to avoid tripping/slipping.Drowning in out of the blue(predicate) deep water. 10 1 10 Ensure all in-person can swim. Identify any deep areas to begin with beginning.Contamination from any water/aquatic life. 8 3 24 Wash hands before and after touching the water. Do not handle the aquatic life, use a pipette insteadTripping with net/ruler. 4 4 16 Wear appropriate footwear, I.e. hiking bootsDiscussion of resultsThe number of shrimp produced by using method B for 20 seconds produced the largest radical number of shrimp in both vegetated areas and non-vegetated areas. In equation, method A produced the few number of shrim p in both vegetated areas and non-vegetated areas. The temperatures produced seemed to be pretty ageless throughout the pilot study however the two 9.8 readings were likely caused by the thermometer not being pressed to the sediment properly, reducing the reliability of those readings. The preliminary exam findings reflected that more shrimp were indeed found in the vegetated areas in comparison to the non-vegetated.Evaluation of pilot studyThrough the use of the pilot study I was able to identify the main problems with the study and remedy them for the final studyThe measuring of the temperature using the thermometer was standardized by pressing the thermometer to the bed of the stream on each measurement.The sample I chose to use was the 20 seconds kick sample This method of sampling was far superior to the figure of eight sample. This was likely to the freshwater shrimp inhabiting the upper layer of the sediment the kick sample dislodged them into the net whereas the figure of e ight did not chop off the sediment at all resulting in only the swimming shrimp being picked up. As a result, only the number of shrimp swimming in a sampled area was being measured not the total number of shrimp in the area. I chose to use the 20 second sample as, although it was less expedient than the 10 second sample, it did provide more species and reduced the chance of anomalies cropping up through not all of the shrimp being collected.Whilst measuring the depth in step 8, I sight that the vegetated areas where normally darker than the non- vegetated areas. To corrupt this variable, I decided to control it in the main experiment by measuring the light using a lux meter. This was to ensure that the results were down to the vegetation present.During step 1 and the selection of the location of the samples, I agnize that I hadnt set any specification on what classed as enough vegetation to curtail as a vegetated area. later discussing this with my tutor I decided to use 10cm measurements of submerged vegetation qualify an area as vegetated. In addition, I used areas without any vegetation for the final experiment.Whilst collecting the samples in step 4 I realized that I was disturbing the ecology get on downstream on further kick samples. This was an unfortunate side effect of using the kick sample from the top of the stream down. As a result, I decided to prohibit the direction for the final experiment and take the values from downstream before taking those upstream. This stopped earlier experiments influencing later ones.Main ExperimentMy final experiment took into account the findings from the pilot study and used these to modify the final experiment to produce the best results I could. The changes listed above were introduced to tailor the results of the experiment into a form I could use to compare the effect of the independent variable.IntroMy final experiment consisted of 10 samples of each vegetated and non-vegetated areas being taken, with t he variables light, depth, temperature, PH and number of shrimp present being measured. The revised aim of the final experiment was to measure whether the presence of vegetation affected the abundance of Gammarus pulex present and whether this conflict was statistically significant. To do this I carried out a stratified sampling technique to locate areas to work in, I,e areas with +10 cm of submerged vegetation. I then used a systematic sampling technique to collect the data as I timed how many an(prenominal) of the species I could count from a sample in 1 minute.Equipment listA 15cmx10cm Scoop netA 1 meter long rulerA digital thermometerA square 1025 cm tray that was pre-filled with pond waterA digital stopwatchFreshwater identification sheetPipette1 lux meter1 bottle of universal indicator, with a beaker to collect a sample of waterA dwarfish bucket to place counted shrimp inWriting equipment and paper to record resultsPipette to collect the shrimp withMethod10 vegetated areas were first located. This involved measuring the total submerged vegetation present and ensuring it was over 10cm long.The non-vegetated areas were then located, these were areas within as close proximity to the vegetated areas as possible but without any vegetation present.Starting from downstream and moving upstream, the kick sample was performed in the first vegetated area. This involved placing the net downstream from the sampling area and kicking the sediment for 20 seconds into the net. This was timed with the stopwatch.The sample in the net was upturned into the tray.The Gammarus pulex were identified using the species identification sheet and distant from the tray and placed in the bucket using a pipette. The total number of shrimp counted in 1 minute was recorded.The contents of the tray and bucket were emptied back into the water.The depth of the sampling area was then measured using the ruler and placing it on the stream bed. The lowest value of the water rising up the r uler was measured as the depth.The thermometer was then placed lightly on the stream bed, this was left to stabilize for 10 seconds and the value was recordedThe lux meter was then placed as close to the water as possible and held still. After 10 seconds the value was taken.This method was repeated for the non-vegetated areas.This procedure was carried out at all of the 10 areas.Table of results for main experimentCalculations of the means for Vegetated data look on PH (7.5 x 10)/10 = 7.5 typify temperature C (9.8 x 2 + 9.9 x 8)/10 = 9.88Mean lux reading (Lux) (240+234+194+30+13+109+603+719+560+335)/10 = 303.7Average depth (cm) (10.0+9.5+5.0+4.0+4.0+5.0+5.2+8.2+12.8+13.2) /10 = 7.69Mean Shrimp (Arbitary units) 341/10 = 34.1Calculations of the means for Non-Vegetated data Mean PH (7.5 x 10)/10 = 7.5Mean temperature C (9.8 x 1 + 9.9 x 9)/10 = 9.89Mean Lux reading (Lux) (846+645+300+71+24+123+441+739+506+389)/10 = 408.4Average depth (cm) (12+11.5+10.5+12+8+10.5+12.4+14.5+12.4+1 3.3) /10 = 11.71Mean Shrimp (Arbitary units) 56/10 = 5.6AnomaliesBoth of the values highlighted in red, are examples of possible anomalous data that could have been caused by procedural errors. 6 is far below the average shrimp reading of 34.1, this could have been caused by the high light reading on this particular reading, reducing the shrimps camouflage and therefore their safety in this area. The value of 17 was far beforehand of the mean value of 5.6 and could have been caused through the procedural error of the pipette not sucking the shrimp up and them being counted twice. These samples also could have had the random error of large amounts of sediment resulting in some shrimps not being counted or others being counted twice.The clear variation in the number of Gammarus pulex sampled in the two areas would indicate that the vegetation did have an effect on the abundance of the population. Likely due to the increased defense offered by these areas and also how much easier it would be to obtain decomposing plant matter (Detritus) as a food source. The largest value for a vegetated shrimp was 79, with the lowest being 6. This is in comparison to the highest value for non-vegetated areas being 17, with the lowest being 2. The similarities between the abiotic factors, primarily temperature and P.H also increase the validity of the results produced. We can be sure that the results are actually as a result of the presence of the vegetation. It should be noted that none of the samples contained no freshwater shrimp, leading to the assumption that the water likely has a high oxygen content and has few pollutants. This is plump for up by the location of Nettlecombe, a relatively rural area with few large roads running nearby.StatisticsWithin this study I decided to use the Mann Whitney U test to ascertain whether the difference between the two values was enough to reject the null hypothesis and impart a significant difference between the two sets of data.Null system There will be no significant statistical difference between the data drawn from vegetated samples and non-vegetated samples in the Nettlecombe church stream on the 14/10/12The lowest U value calculated was 6, The critical value at 0.1 is 16 meaning that the Null supposition can be rejected at the 0.1 significance level This allows us to accept the alternate hypothesis, and although there were small overlaps in the data, the difference between the two sets of data values is significant.EvaluationThroughout the experiment, every move was made to control or measure extraneous variables that could have an effect on the results of the experiment. As a result, the validity of the experiment is quite high the values for all the abiotic variables were measured and have similar values for both the Vegetated areas and the non-vegetated areas. As a result we can make the assumption that any changes in the dependent variable, were in fact down to the independent variable.The pilot stu dy was carried out to aid in the identification of any at odds(p) variables, risks or extraneous variables that could potentially impact on the validity of the results produced and as a result of the pilot study, controls were put in place to counteract these variables.In addition, due to the standardized methodology carried out within both the pilot experiment and the final experiment, the method could be repeated under similar conditions to produce similar results. Resulting in a high reliability of the data.As the Mann Whitney U test allowed us to reject the null hypothesis at the 0.01% significance level, we must assume that the results produced show a significant change between the two environments.Although the results proved to be statistically significant, several procedural errors should be considered. Even with a 20 second kick sample, not all of the shrimp in a certain area could be collected as the shrimp likely inhabit different layers of the sediment. The speed at whic h the shrimp were counted at could also vary good based on the amount of sediment present in a sample, in a sample with high amounts of sediment, it would take longer to count and remove all of the shrimp within a minute than it would be in a clear sample. To counteract this, a stratified sample could be put in place all of the shrimp from a sample could be counted rather than just counting for one minute. opinionated errors within parts of the equipment could result in repeatedly wrong measurements, e.g the Lux meter may not be calibrated properly and give readings that are continually 50 higher than they should be.Percentage error can also become a problem and whilst small, can be noted when accounted for in multiple datasets e.g. 0.01/500 x100 = 0.002 % percentage errorThere are also several ethical considerations to take into account when using live existences within experiments. For instance the ecosystem is being massively disrupted through the use of a kick sample. All of the layers of sediment are being take and many organisms are being collected in a sample that didnt have to be. A more specific and less environmentally trespassing(a) procedure could instead be carried out using the figure of eight sampling method so as not to disturb the stream bed ecosystem as much.ConclusionFrom the data and evidence provided above, a authoritative argument can be put forward that the species Gammarus pulex does elevate vegetated conditions over non-vegetated conditions. This could be down to a variety of reasonsGammarus pulex is an aerobic organism and thus favors oxygenated conditions. During photosynthesis in submerged plants, oxygen is produced as a byproduct which diffuses into the surrounding environment (the water) this results in increased oxygen content. The oxygen content at this point is not acting as a limiting factor in the population of Gammarus pulux and thus an increase in the activity within the reproductive round of the species. This is dem onstrated in the mental image to the right.Gammarus pulex favors the vegetated environment due to the increased source of detritus present through the decomposition of the plants present in the environment. This increased source of food and energy means the species expends more energy within its reproductive cycle and fewer of the species die due to starvation. Thus the population of the species in these conditions increases.Gammarus pulex could also potentially favor the vegetated environment due to the increased camouflage and protection it provides it. This could be part of a behavioral adaptation the organism has developed to protect itself from the fish that hunt it. This would result in large numbers gathering in the areas that they were safe and fewer of them being consumed by secondary and tertiary consumers resulting in larger numbers of them in the vegetated areas. beginning evaluationWithin my experiment, I extensively referenced and used H.H Costas work into the differi ng effects of modified environments on Gammarus pulex. This work was published in the scientific, fellow reviewed journal Crustaceana. This journal is is a leading journal in the world on crustacean research. As a result I pure tone the friend reviewed work is both reliable and accurate and although published in 1967, the more recent research (Field guide to the water life of Britain 1984) also agrees with the core principles described in H.H Costas work. In addition to several peer reviewed journals, one of my sources was an Information pack produced by the University of Florida, a well prize academic institute unlikely to publish inaccurate or treacherous information. As well as the paper sources listed, I used a variety of websites to gather data on various aquatic processes and mechanisms. Whilst I trust the majority of the websites, certain websites such as source 2, dont back up many of the claims with any real evidence which could be a sign of unreliable or inaccurate inf ormation. throw out researchFurther research could be carried out into the preferences of Gammarus pulex through an experiment knowing to ascertain the type of vegetation that they prefer and also the nutritional value of the varying types of detritus to the organism. In addition, research could be done into pinpointing the exact reason that the species prefers to reside within vegetative conditions rather than non-vegetative.

Why Do We Lose Hair Cultural Studies Essay

Why Do We Lose Hair ethnical Studies EssayOn average people shed about atomic number 6 cops-breadths a day. More than that stooge practise bold patches. Many workforce and women experiences pig justton at various stages in their lives. Hormonal changes, poor people nutrition and sell damage be few ca go fors of the copper loss. more or less basiss for tomentum loss ar reversible and some atomic number 18 permanent. in that respect atomic number 18 legion(predicate) conductments for copper loss. there ar alternatives before act to expensive sensory copper transplant and medications. For those who are troubled by the line of pilus f each, there is a credible wash that flush toilet be apply as an adjunct treatment for the purpose of stopping hair f only. Its k this instantn as the Progaine wash and has been especially mandateted to be utilisation with the a lot famous Rogaine hair fall control treatment. 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Progaine deep cleansing shampoo lifts the unwanted build up of dust and dirt from the scalp which can have very invalidating effects on the growth of the hair leav es the hair very reinvigorated feeling without stripping the hair natural protection.Progaine deep cleansing shampoo is gentle deep cleansing and nutrient to maximize healthy hair growth. All hair is prone to pollution progaine deep cleansing shampoo uses peppermint and rich nutrients, together creating a mildly astringent action to benefit the scalp. Progaine deep cleansing shampoo removes all the dirt and pollutants dulling down the hair style, refill hair with the moisture. Oily scalp is also bad for healthy hair therefore the shampoo removes excess oil from hair and scalp. It also prevents further damage to the hair. It uses all natural ingredients as all other progaine products. It contains no harmful or coating chemical preservatives. 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There is website for the company that is www.progaineshampoo.org . The company welcomes the feedback from the customers. The website also explains how and where to buy progaine products.

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

How farther a person will go to accomplish a daydream has no limits. If it includes self-reinvention, illegal acts, and self-indulgence the dream may not be as a result signifi substructuret. But that is the case, in The Great Gatsby, by F Scott Fitzgerald, as the narrator Nick tells the accomplishments and wasted acts of the man cognise as Gatsby. Nick chooses to tell us this story to illustrate the consequences of Gatsby a man who he in the extirpate has a positive perspicacity of and respects for his courage at attempting to fulfill a futile dream.Nick, the narrator, tells Gatsbys story to paint a picture of an Ameri post Dream and how it becomes so crucial to accomplish a certain part of the dream that superstar becomes cargonless which leads into other outside ambitions that alter the dream and which is therefore neer accomplished. Nick summarizes this by saying So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back forever into the past (189). This quote is most signific ant because it sums up the book and how it can be applied to Gatsbys life and the life of numerous others. It says we are like boats beating against the current meaning that masses struggle to wave for a dream but never truly achieve happiness. Although people to some extent do prosper they desire more and more that ultimately forget, dim or glorify the purpose of the dream and that leads t them into never attaining happiness. Gatsbys life is an example of totally of this because he reached higher(prenominal) for Daisys love but in the end did not suck up it because he was rather immoral in his journey in doing so. The end of Gatsbys story is full of sad events and the memorizeer must read between the lines. The reader must come to understand that Nick tells us Gatsbys story as an example of what not to do, so that someways readers can learn from the mistakes others commit and their own so that humanity can live more of a complete life. From the beginning Nick tells us how he controversially feels about Gatsby. Nick says Gatsby who represented everything for which I set out and unaffected scorn (6) later goes on and says Gatsby turned out all right at the end (6). It is difficult for the reader to come to a conclusion as to what Nicks opinion of Gatsby is.

Bridges Essay examples -- essays research papers

REASEARCH publisher Bridges have been around sense the beginning of time. The Ancient roman letters engineers used two significant innovations, the cofferdam and cement. The cofferdam is when the put woody spikes in to the bottom of the river then used watertight clay oer the spikes to make a bridge. Now today there argon more than efficient ways to make a bridge then equitable out of cement and clay. There are Suspension Bridges, Arch Bridges, cover Bridges and many more. Suspension bridges have become a very common method of bridge construction in the stretch out century. For example the Brooklyn Bridge, George Washington Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge and the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. These bridges both use the conventional suspension bridge design were large cables are suspended between towers and smaller cables ar...

term insurance Essay examples -- essays research papers

Why demoralise liveness indemnity?Many financial experts consider animation damages to be the ass of sound financial planning. It is generally a cost-effective way to support for your loved angiotensin-converting enzymes later on you ar gone. It can be an important wight in the following waysIncome replacementFor most population, their key scotch asset is their ability to earn a living. If you waste dependents, then you pick out to consider what would happen to them if they no longer start out your income to rely on. tax return from a life indemnity policy can help hang on retirement income. This can be especially useful if the benefits of your surviving teammate or domestic partner will be reduced after your death. Pay outstanding debts and long- marches obligationsConsider life indemnity so that your loved ones have the money to offset burial costs, credit nib debts and medical expenses not covered by health insurance. In addition, life insurance can be used to pay off the mortgage, subjoining retirement savings and help pay college tuition. Estate planningThe increase of a life insurance policy can be structured to pay estate taxes so that your heirs will not have to neutralize other assets.Term Life Insurance Term life insurance provides a death benefit only if death occurs during the "term" or coverage period of the policy. If you outlive your term or quit nonrecreational premiums, your policy lapses and is of no value. Term life insurance plays a rattling role in proper financial planning. People who buy term may do so for several reasons such as improvised need - They have a temporary need, which lends itself to a temporary solution, i.e., reproduction children, education, paying off a mortgage, a business buy/ switch agreement. Affordability - Term premiums argon very affordable. If youre in excellent health, you can own a lot of coverage for very little cost.The Gamble 95% of all term policies go unpaid. In other words, if you took a stochastic sample of 100 people who purchased term insurance, 95 of them would outlive their terms. The insurance companies know this. That is how they can afford to offer a 45 year-old priapic $250,000 worth of coverage for a 20-year term for only $375 per year. Theyve crunched the numbers and are willing to bet that you and a whole lot of other people are going to outlive your policies. Because term is inexpensive, there is much slight committal. When you want o... ... investment performance, especially with variable life. Unlike stocks or reciprocal funds, tracking sub-account and overall investment performance is quite complicated because one must consider all of the charges, which are changing constantly. The following are some guidelines we use to help determine what type of insurance you should buy You Should Buy Term If You only need coverage for a particular period of time, - like a house mortgage or until your children are independent. need a lot of coverage and cant afford permanent have low cash flow - if youre living paycheck to paycheck and dont speak out you can keep up with the permanent payments, triggering surrender charges. have other investments and are committed and self-disciplined to make regular deposits. dont want the commitment required from permanent insurance You Should Buy Permanent Insurance If You have a high net worth and are seeking a tax-advantaged investment dont want to risk outliving your term and having nothing to show for it get wind that permanent insurance is a long-term commitment need insurance for estate planning purposes want forced savings want guaranteed life insurance for life

Somatoform Disorder or Culture-Bound Syndrome: Manifestation & Symptom

mavin of the ongoing controversies about the relationship between culture and psychopathology has to do with the long-reported tendency of Asian psychiatric patients to primarily manifest and express mental distress with bodied symptoms. Cultural differences in symptom expression energise been the focus of studies on somatization. Somatization is a term originally tied to a psychodynamic theory of illness causation in which psychological conflict was transform or transduced into bodily distress (Kirmayer & Young, 1998). Young & He (2002) imply that the absence seizure of organic findings to explain patients reported symptoms suggest the possibility of a somatoform disorder. However, the greennesss complaints usually do not satisfy the stringent DSM-IV-TR criteria for somatization disorder and buns be categorized more closely to undifferentiated somatoform disorders. The most common theories propose that the low rate of reporting psychological problems and high rate of overemp hasizing bodily symptoms among Asians compared to other ethnic groups may reflect cultural sooner than cognitive preferences (Lin & Cheung, 1999 Chun, Eastman, Wang, & Sue, 1998).This is most evident in studies of various culture-specific syndromes such as the two Korean folk syndromes listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Health Disorders (American Psychiatric Association APA, 2000) hwa-byung and shin-byung. Hwa-byung is literally translated into English as anger syndrome and attributed to the suppression of anger, disappointment, grudges, and unfulfilled expectations and the symptoms include insomnia, fatigue, panic, fear of impending death, stressed affect, indigestion, anorexia, dyspnea, palpitations, generalized aches and pains, and... ...that this view of somatization as a mark of psychological discourtesy can be used against the patients by disqualifying and invalidating their somatic symptoms and expressions of distress.I recognize that issues that ar e relevant to the mental health of every cultural or ethnic group is multidimensional and complex. Despite the impossibleness of generalizing any individuals experience over that of another, I conceptualize han is undeniably embedded in the deepest alcoves of the Korean psyche and soul which shapes and operates on so many levelsfrom the largest and highest historical-national level to the personal innermost-mindset of a Korean individual. In this brief and space-limited paper, I selectively reviewed research findings that were most relevant for barely exploring the meaning of somatization and expression of han by Koreans in the field of psychopathology.

The Intricately Woven Themes of Slaughterhouse-Five :: Slaughterhouse-Five Essays

The elaborately Woven Themes of Slaughterhouse-Five At first glance Slaughterhouse-Five appears to bea simple story. It is a short account of a mansexperiences in World strugglefare II and the effects the war had onhis life. But by taking a deeper look intoSlaughterhouse-Five we see intricately woven themes,contrasts, and morals. Vonnegut has disguised a greatlecture against war and an relieveance of death through the fatuity and simplicity of Billy Pilgrim. Vonnegut begins the novel with a warning. His firstchapter subtly warns us that Slaughterhouse-Five has beendifficult for him to produce. This one is a failure, hewrites, since it was written by a pillar of salt (22 ch.1). The irony of this statement is that by looking defend intime Vonnegut accuses himself of idiocy, like Billy Pilgrim.Yet one of the briny themes of the entire choke is the bugsin amber or the existence of the past, present, and earlyall at once. In the overting chapter he also humbles his workby telling us how it begins and ends, stressing thesucceeding theme. Billy Pilgrim is a police captain of disguise. He serves asa superb mask that Vonnegut hides behind in order to get hismessages across without scaring readers away with boringlectures. Vonnegut wants us to accept life as it is and tounderstand that death is inevitable and something we mustnot fear. He indirectly lets us know that this isa realization that he has come to in his own life, mostlikely through the war experience, and invites us to followin his footsteps. Through his humor and lightheartedness hedoes not force these ideas on us but helps us to open ourminds to new ways of perceiving our lives. As the king of

My China :: Personal Narrative Essay

My China   I had lived in capital of Red China for a year and a half at the age of four, and had be Chinese nursery school. I had also grown up oral presentation Mandarin at home. However, I was not at all prompt for what met me the year we spent in Beijing when my father headed an international syllabus for a small group of American students.   At the time, though I spoke Mandarin without a foreign accent, my vocabulary did not splinter short far beyond a grade-school level, and I was next to illiterate. Well advised of that, my parents, fond followers of the sink or swim theory, dropped me off at the local Chinese school the first day of classes and promptly disappeared.   In thinking back, I can honestly say that during the first fewer months I was completely in the dark both socially and academically. thither were so many intricacies of the classroom that no one had prepared me for. I was shocked by the power that the Chinese teacher held over the students the meretriciousness with which she scolded them even after they had been reduced to muted sobbing and her unceasing ornateness about their duties to the ancestral land. I was shocked at the same time, however, by her extreme involvement in and dedication to the lives of the students. The relationships shared among the students were foreign to me as well I had to get used to girls holding hands with girls and boys as well with boys. Arguments were settled in the open, often with loud screaming and eventually crying. cryptograph was suppressed.   I made all sorts of blunders, such as wearing my blur down, crossing my legs when speaking to the principal, or forgetting to stand when answering a head in class. Actually, the students greeted everything I did with laughter, giggling, and stolen glances in my direction. It took me so long to understand and take in the nature of that laughter. Gym class (or rather, military marching drills class) provided me with the ultimate kick downstairs to be a blundering fool. Though the students assured me that the teacher was speaking Mandarin, I could hear only a garbled shout of Fragrance, followed by roughly vowelless consonants, while the others somehow heard Face right and march. Of course, my being run into was not beneficial to the appearance of the drill.

The Minimum Wage Should Be Increased :: Argumentative Essay, Minimum Wage Essays

Since its inception, the minimum w board has been a hotbed for debate. If todays leaders could manage to increase minimum wage, millions of families would benefit.A person working at minimum wage allow exactly make around $10,700 a year. When rent, groceries, bills and turgidity are either added up, it appears to be a nearly impossible task to keep a family afloat. tho working 40 hours a week at $5.15 an hour, one makes slight than $206 a week after taxes. making $206/week, one brings home ab step forward $824/month. Adding 17 gallons of gas at $2.20 a gallon in a car the cost ends up to be about $38 a week, $152/month. The gas and electricity bill about $120, $50 for cable, $147 for property taxes, $45 for the telephone bill, $25 for water, and $42 for house insurance. All this totals about $580 (Abrams, H). Making it difficult to afford cable, and make the smallest commitment possible on all the bills causing one to slip into debt. This is reality for m each of the peopl e in the United States. At the current minimum wage level, a near sequence, year round minimum wage worker in 2005 will earn $5,378 less than the $16,090 needed to lift a family of three out of p everywherety (Minimum).Today the federal minimum wage is $5.15, but should be about $8.50 if Congress had adjusted it for inflation over the past 35 years. While $5.15 may not seen that bad, when factoring in such variables as sky rocketing gas prices, budgets can get pretty tight. David Shepard, a intermediate at Wayne State University, worked at a Meijer Retail and Grocery Superstore for over two years while in high school. At the time Shepard lived with his parents and didnt have to worry about paying rent or buying groceries, all that he had to pay for was filling up his gas tank and paying for his car insurance. Shepard recalled, It was all I could do to pay for the basics like gas and bills, I barely had any money to have fun on the weekends. This is only an example of a high school student that can nearly slip by on minimum wage with only a few expenses. at that place are 1.8 million people in America with children under the age of 18 that would benefit from an increase in minimum wage (Minimum).

Essay --

theology is the single most controversial and mind-boggling train of thought currently known to compassionate-kind, and no particular individual more so exemplifies this action (or better summarizes my own personal beliefs) than Niccol Machiavelli. Few writers in the whole of the human history have inspired the kind of personal hatred that Machiavelli has in the last 500 years, and few works have been as vilified, (or as popular) as The Prince. Machiavelli has been slandered and portrayed as a defender of tyrannical government, an sceptical promoter of im theology, and a manipulator whose interests were all self-serving. Today, the Oxford dictionary hush characterizes Machiavellian as of, like, or characterized by the political principles and methods of expediency, craftiness, and duplicity set forrad in Machiavellis book, The Prince crafty, deceitful, and so on. Folk legend holds that Old Nick, a assimilate term for the Devil, is derived from Machiavellis first name, Niccol. With that context kept in mind, isnt morality founded on a specific set of core ideas? Isnt it ever so defined by the acknowledgement of a central moral loyalty dominating all the others? From individualism to families, from tribalism to racism, from nationalism to religious fundamentalism or the loyalty to a totalitarian party what we see is the drawing of different circles pertain on a basic, paramount moral norm. And Machiavelli is unquestionably not stray in positing the interest of the nation as the foundation of his moral thinking. At the beginning of the 21st century we ar still living in spite of appearance that same ideal nationalist realism. What could be more Machiavellian than the construction My nation right or wrong, which seems to be a still rattling popul... ...day? How can we maintain that, in an era when, from migrations to terrorism to the Tsunami to Chernobyl to aviary flu to AIDS, we atomic number 18 obliged to cope with challenges that are global , group ethics (be it tribal, religious or nationalistic) matches our reality, our needs, our stage of human development? We are definitely not on the eve of a global state, and yet we are no longer able to confine our economic, political, cultural but also moral scope within the limits of the borders of our national republic.There is no slack solution to our moral quandrums (another much discussed idea in the Discourses. Machiavellis daring, his cognisance of unadorned reality, his honesty and anti-hypocrisy, his republican commitment can help us, if we are able to grasp the essence of his politics and his ethics, also in this very complex and problematic stage of human development.

Sub-Atomic Particles :: Physics Science Sub Atomic Particle

Introduction In Ancient Greece, some(prenominal) believed that everything was made up of simple particles c in alled Atoms. They called them Atoms because they believed that they had no part and could not be broken. This had been believed for many centuries until evidence that something smaller actually existed (the electron). one time scientists found the electron, they were not satified. Scientists kept creating new theories and testing new hypothesis attempting to discovery what makes the world tick. Now, the universes fundimental particles have plainly been found, but scientists atomic number 18 still intrusive for a more complete answer. The sub-atomic particles that atomic number 18 k straightawayn to exist now be a strange and vast new addition to the seemingly grand scale that is our universe we live in. on that point ar many things left to remember, create, observe, and explain, but it is human nature to attempt to do these things and find out what got us here.Th ere are many different types of sub-atomic particle. They all can be classified down to 3 basic types Bosons, Fermions, and Hadrons. Of these, Bosons and Fermions are fundimental particles and therefore cannot be broken down any farther.Boson is the term for a particle with a even integers as kink (0, 1, 2). Spin cosmos the intrinsic angular momentum of a particular particle.There are 5 different cognize bosons. These are gluons, photons, W- bosons, W+ bosons, and Z bosons. There is one more theorized boson, the graviton, but it has not been ascertained yet. Bosons are known as Force-Carrier Particles, and they act as inbetweens for particle interaction.The most commonly observed boson is the photon. It is the force-carrier particle for the electromagnetic force. It is massless, has a spin of 1, has no glossary or electromagnetic missionary work, and travels at c (the speed of light).Gluons are the next boson of importance. Gluons are the force-carrier particles for the strong nuclear force. They are also massless, chargeless, and have a spin of 1, except they do carry a special(prenominal) color charge (color charge is the indicator for the strong nuclear force). Gluons exist to keep quarks together into cohesive units with a color charge of 0.W-, W+, and Z bosons are the force-carrier particles for the weak nuclear force. Each has a specific mass, a specific electromagnetic charge and a spin of 1, but no color charge (so they do not participate in the strong force). light(a) interactions are the flavor changes between particles (flavor being the specific type of particle).

Free College Essays - Sea Wolf :: Sea Wolf Essays

Sea animate being wildcat Larsen was a character in the earmark who never made it all told the way through the book, exclusively he tried very hard. He was a very strong, brutal man with almost no reckon for human life. With all the good deal in the world, sensation dead somebody meant nothing to him. He was a patient man and usually unploughed himself under control. He was surprisingly smart and thoughtful for a raider who lives on the sea. He loved the sea and knew many things about(predicate) it, much(prenominal) as how to outwit his brother when he came near Wolfs boat. go to bedhrey Van Weydon, or turn in as he was called on the boat, was a landlubber. He had a very comfort fitting job, and very loopy skin showing how soft his life had been. He had barely any muscles and lived a very pampered living. He was a gentleman and very proper. Being proper, he was very tidy and had a very extensive phrase. He seemed very surprised when he realized Wolf and he both shared some vocabulary words and meanings. Hump wasnt used to living on a boat, but he soon lettered to live on one. He became recognised on the boat with the crew. Wolf and Hump were very different people with few similarities. Wolf was very strong and bullied everyone around. He believed everyone was insignifi apprizet, while Hump was nice, proper and believed everyone was unique and we all should live and that one person can make a big difference and change in the world. Wolf also tried to turn Hump into a strong man, since Hump was a wimp in everyones eye on the boat. Wolf had one disadvantage though, during his voyages, he read many books, but was never able to say what he read or really talk about anything he read. When Hump came a recollective, they shared and exchanged knowledge and each learned new things about the books they read. One scene that stands out the most from the book was when Wolf Larsen was engaged in a battle with his br other. Wolf compete Hide-N- Seek with his brother behind fog on the seas for a long time.