Northern Ireland Conflict

Conflict Assignment: Union Ireland

1. Location of the date

http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41788000/jpg/_41788164_uk_rep_ire_map203.jpg

http://www.flash presents.info/CB-northerly%20Ireland.htm

1. Religion

In Yankee Ireland thither is basically a sequestration of the population into two confessions: Catholic and protestant. In Union Ireland in that respect is a majority of Protestants from England and a catholic minority whereas in the country Ireland itself, there is a catholic majority versus a protestant minority.

The conflict has often been visualized as a religious conflict simply this is non correct: Religious differences ingest been used by semipolitical and religious leaders as a reason to beg off the grouping of these people. But truly it is a conflict amid the unionist and Loyalists who work throughk to maintain a take off of capital Britain and are usually Protestants versus the contentists and Republi give nonices who are typically Catholic and see themselves as Irish.

2. Type of political relation(s)

There are iii governments involved in the conflict: The government of England, the government of northern Ireland and the government of the land of Ireland.

The Irish government is a fantanary democracy consisting of two chambers, the home plate of car park and the House of Lords, and a pre r antiophthalmic factornt. There is before long a confederation of three incisionies government activity the country: Fianna Fail (conservative, Irish republicanism, economic liberalism), Progressive Democrats and Green companionship.

Federal Ireland used to be administrated from the British government as a province of England, however, a coalition in the midst of the two parties, Sinn Fein and egalitarian Unionist Party, which were primitively hostile to struggleds each otherwise, was formed in 2007 and Union Ireland today has its own parliamentary democratic government.

England is governed by a parliamentary system, it has a constitutional monarchy. The parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, aboriginal look Gordon Brown and period of submit is Queen Elizabeth II. The three major parties in England are the stab Party, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats. The Labour Party has currently the majority in the parliament.

3. Environment

During the emergence of the conflict low with England winning over northern Ireland as a province, arable land sure as shooting played a role. However, in the prolongation and towards the depot of the conflict arable land was not of brilliance anymore. Fresh water was never of importance in this conflict.

4. Surrounding countries and their stare on the situation and position in the world

Although the Federal Ireland conflict has been limited to the boarders of blue Ireland, it received large multinational attention and many other countries felt the neediness to interact in solving the conflict. The join States have been taking a great role in the field pansy make process, as existence further egresslined in promontory 4.

The republic of Ireland had adumbrate the juncture with Northern Ireland in their constitution. However, the Republic of Ireland abstains from this request delinquent to the trustworthy Friday arrangement and a referendum. But the agreement still keeps the opportunity of union with Northern Ireland in case the majority of the Northern Irish population supports this.

Great Britain as a part of the conflict supports the Unionists and Loyalists and call fors Northern Ireland to stay a part of the unify landed estate, however, it also advocated for a counterinsurgencyful solution.

5. tender Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) looks beyond gross domestic product to a broader commentary of well-being and provides a composite measure of several aspects of conduct much(prenominal) as he altitudeh, education, standard of living, etc.

There has not been a separate HDI just for Northern Ireland published; it is include in the HDI of the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Wales, and Scotland). Therefore we go out look at the UKs and the Republic of Irelands HDI.

According to the youthful Human Development Report from 2007/2008, the HDI for the Republic of Ireland is 0.959, which gives the country a rank of 5^th out of 177 countries.

Development of HDI in Ireland

According to the equal information, the HDI for United Kingdom is 0.946, which gives the country a rank of 16^th out of 177 countries.

6. Statistical represents from www.gapminder.com

First of all, it has to be stated that Northern Ireland is not listed separately in Gapminder, then we will be looking at the data of the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland).

1. Agriculture, contribution to economy (% of GDP) - Income per person

The huge decrease in contribution of agriculture to the economy from almost 20% of GDP in the 1970ies to just about 2% in late years shows the economic development of the Republic of Ireland. There have been some fluctuations until 1994 due to the instability and conflicts in Northern Ireland which also affected the Republic of Ireland but from 1994 when the conflicts began to calm down and two-eyed violet is being approached, the decrease is immutable without fluctuations.

The interpret of the United Kingdom is just a slightly downward(prenominal) sloping line because industrialization and economic development and thence less agriculture have been introduced earlier than 1971 in the UK. In addition the possible fluctuations which could be seen in a graph for just Northern Ireland are being undermined by the data of England, Wales and Scotland.

2. CO2 electric discharges (tonnes per person) - Income per person

Noticing an plus in CO2 emissions from 1923 on with several fluctuations, it can be concluded that the Irish economy has been growing steadily. Again, there is a faster increase in CO2 emission in 1994 which shows the positive effects of peaceful approaches in the Northern Ireland conflict for the economy of the Republic of Ireland.

The United Kingdoms graph is again real straight from 1935 on due to the fact that possible fluctuations which could be seen in a graph for just Northern Ireland are being undermined by the data of England, Wales and Scotland.

3. Children per fair sex ( essence magnificence) - Income per person

The huge decrease in children per woman (total fertility) amidst 1971 and 1994 again depicts the economic development of the Republic of Ireland because an increase in income tends to lead to fewer births because women get involved in jobs. The Republic of Ireland has build up its own economy, following the British model. From 1994 on the situation stabilized and the total fertility stayed constant.

In the UK, there is a decrease in total fertility from 1971 - 1975, followed by a period of time where it stays constant until 1992. Noticing a slight decrease from between 1993 and 2000, it finally starts to increase again.

2. A description paragraph of the conflict & timeline

The Northern Ireland conflict has a long history. The fights between the Catholics (descendants of Gaelic population, Eire) and Protestants (descendants of British colonists, Ulster) about religion, land and way of governing have been going on for a centuries and has killed thousands of people.

The Protestant Unionist community believes Northern Ireland should remain part of the UK, whereas the Catholic Nationalist community believes it should separate from the UK and become part of the Republic of Ireland.

From the 12^th century on revolts and a civil war due to the brutal British determine of Ireland lead to a partition of the island (26 countries South Republic of Ireland; 6 stayed North with the UK Northern Ireland). The Catholic minority in Northern Ireland suffered discrimination.

The Troubles began when in 1969 Catholic civil rights marches and counter-protests by Protestant loyalists turned into violence. As a result British troops were sent which came into conflict with the Irish Republican Army. The fights escalated and Northern Irelands parliament was suspended and directly ruled from London.

From the 1970s lasting until the 1990s violence was a cat valium way for paramilitary groups to achieve their goals. Attacks targeted civilians, police, soldiers and politicians.

In the early 1990s negotiations took place between political parties and the British and Irish governments. After long-winded negotiations ira and loyalists support ceasefire and Good Friday agreement was signed. It outlined a power-sharing executive, with curateial posts distributed by party strength, and elected assembly. Population agreed with this in a referendum.

Timeline

1594-1603	Rebellion in Ulster, overlaps to entire Ireland
1608-1610	Foundation of British settlement colony in Northern Ireland
1641	Beginning of Irish-Catholic rebellion - world-class rebellion of Irish had been fended off
1649	Arrival Cromwells in Dublin - set-back of British recapture
1652	British Condemnation Laws - destruction of Irish middle and upper class
1689	Defeat of Catholic King James I. At the river Boyne - orangish day
1695	Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics ( Penal Laws )
1782	Irish parliament declares independence - protestant-Irish patriotism
1795	Foundation Orange Order - protestant, pro-British radicalism
1800	Abolishment of Irish sovereignty, unification with United Kingdom
1823	Foundation of Catholic standstill - beginning of Catholicism
1845-1848	Irish Famine
1870	Movement pro Irish post Rule
1918-1921	Irish fight for independence
1921	Signing treaty for independence of Ireland when separating from the North
1926	Formation of Fianna Fail und mulct Gael
1949	Irland becomes Republic
1955	Irland joins UNO
1968	Civil rights movement in NI - brutal protests
1972	Bloody sunlight: British soldiers kill 14 pro-Irish protestors in Derry IRA does attacks to payback
Following years	Several brutal attacks on both sides happen, many people being killed
1993	Premiers of Great Britain and Ireland sign General agreement for peace
End 1994	IRA declares cease-fire, pro-British Loyalists agree Official discussions between British government and Sinn Fein
1995	Irish-British framework plan for solution
December 1995	IRA declares refusal to give away weapons before signing a peace treaty
06.1996	Discussion with all parties in Belfast, US-senator George Mitchell is negotiating
09.1997	IRA calls for cease-fire, Sinn Fein participates in peace negotiations
02.04.1998	Population of Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland vote for Good Friday balance in Belfast
10.04.1998	Protestants and Catholics sign peace treaty Creation of regional parliament, regional government Release of captives Cooperation of Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland Parties promise total disarmament within 2 years
28% rowspan=1 colspan=1> 25.06.1998	Election for regional parliament
In between	Still attacks and people killed
10.09.1998	First merging between Gerry Adams (Sinn Fein) and David Trimble (UUP)
16.10.1998	Nobel prize for Peace for Unionist David Trimble and catholic jingoistic John Hume

3. Different stoppage of views of the conflict

1. Description of side ones views

Pro - dependent on UK (Unionists & Loyalists point of view)

The Unionists and Loyalists, mostly Protestants, dominate Northern Ireland. They want Northern Ireland to stay a part of the United Kingdom. grave presidencys in this side are for example the Ulster Union Party (UUP), the Democratic Unionists Party (DUP, protestant-unionists party), the Ulster Defence Association (UDA, most grand of Protestant paramilitaries), the Ulster Freedom Fighter (UFF) and the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF, guerilla protestant paramilitary organization). The UUP and DUP are both responsible for a lot of street disorders and fights that caused many deaths, however, both parties deny this forthwith and refer to little disorders. The UVF and UFF have committed many crimes killing civilizes in order to spread intimidation.

2. Description of side twos views

Contra - dependent on UK (Irish nationalists point of view)

The Irish nationalists, generally Catholics, represent the minority in Northern Ireland. They aim for dissociation from the UK and unification with the Republic of Ireland. Important organizations on this side are for example the Irish Republican Army (IRA, most famous paramilitary organization in Northern Ireland), Sinn Fein (republican Irish party, political supporter of IRA), the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP, socialist party) with the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA, military supporter of IRSP) and the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP, aims for peaceful unification with the Republic of Ireland, rejects war and violence). It has been the goal of the SDLP to have the majority seats in the parliament since they are the leading catholic party; they are aiming for an end of violence and discrimination and collaboration disregarding confession. The Sinn Fein is also aiming for an supreme Irish state; however, it is contrary to the SDLP since it is actively supporting the IRA which should allow them to achieve their goals violently. It also rejects intervention from outside such as the European Union.

3. Description of side threes views

Republic of Ireland

The Republic of Ireland had outlined the unification with Northern Ireland in their constitution. However, the Republic of Ireland abstains from this request due to the Good Friday Agreement and a referendum. But the agreement still keeps the opportunity of unification with Northern Ireland in case the majority of the Northern Irish population supports this.

4. Involvement of the international community

Although the Northern Ireland conflict is the Northern Irish counterparts very own conflict, it can certainly not be resolved by Northern Ireland on its own and international assistance is needed.

The European Union played an important role as a negotiator and financier of the change since 1973. The European Parliament took legal action in the 1980ies in favour of the minority in Northern Ireland by criticizing the behaviour of Great Britain and Ireland. The subsidies come from the European morphological fund and from programs such as the Peace and Reconciliation computer program.

The United States acted as well as a negotiator and financier on behalf of 40 trillion Americans of Irish decent. Bill Clinton visited the conflict area in 1995 and on April, 10^th 1997 the US special envoy George Mitchell and the British Northern Ireland minister Marjorie Mowlan ended the conflict after long negotiations with a peace agreement. However, the peace process turned out to be very long-winded and finally the Good Friday Agreement has been passed in 1998. It outlined the rejection of violence and resolution of the conflict in peace.

The United Nations inaugurated the Peace edifice Commission in 2006 marshalling international resources to advise and propose compound strategies for post-conflict recovery. It focuses on reconstruction, institution-building and sustainable development in countries emerging from conflict. Among other activities, the Commission develops best practices on issues requiring extensive collaboration among political, military, humanistic and development actors.

NATO has not been involved in the Northern Ireland conflict.

5. Canadas view on the issue

Canada has a very veracious relationship with Great Britain; it is a member of the Common wealthiness and still honours Queen Elizabeth II as its Head of State. Due to this historic tie, a loyalty towards Great Britain exists and therefore Canada is not only advocating for a peaceful solution but also supporting Great Britains point of views.

Canada has been a supporter of the Northern Ireland Peace Process and the Good Friday Agreement which provides a guideline for the devolution of government in Northern Ireland. As part of its support, Canada has contributed more than $7.7 million to the external Fund for Ireland since its inception in 1986. The fund is used to surrogate mutual understanding and reconciliation between community groups from varied traditions in Northern Ireland.

In March 2007, Prime Minister Stephen Harper welcomed the new power-sharing arrangement in Northern Ireland and stated: I congratulate the leaders of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and Sinn F?in political party in Northern Ireland for their determination to seize this historic opportunity. This outcome represents the beginning of a new and welcome era for the people of Northern Ireland. The Governments of the United Kingdom and Ireland also deserve credit for their pie-eyed efforts towards this end.

References

Flashpoints: http://www.flashpoints.info/CB-Northern%20Ireland.htm

HDR Stats: http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_IRL.html

http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_GBR.html

http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=15&Country=IE

Prime Minister (Stephen Harper): http://www.pm.gc.ca/includes/send_friend_eMail_print.asp?id=1598

BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ new-made/troubles/

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4072261.stm

United Nations: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/ga10508.doc.htm

Time line: http://www.historyonthenet.com/Chronology/timelinenorthernireland.ht
m

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